TLRs are a family of pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in the innate immune system by activating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in response to microbial pathogens. The TLR family now consists of 13 members (TLR1–TLR13). In general, TLR stimulation leads to activation of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Though predominantly expressed on immune cells, TLRs are also widely distributed on non-immune resident renal cells, namely mesangial cells, podocytes, parietal epithelial cells of bowman’s capsule, and tubular epithelial cells. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA was expressed on murine renal tubular cells and upregulated by ischemia. TLR4 expression is significantly increased during renal obstruction and induces fibroblast accumulation and fibrotic renal injury independent of alterations in TNF-α and TGF-β1 gene expression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a unique glycolipid a major constituent of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. TLR4 uses Myd88-dependent and -independent pathways to activate NF-κB. Toll like receptor 2 and 4 expression increased in the diseases like diabetes nephropathy, ischemic reperfusion injury, lupus nephritis. Lipopolysaccharide induced renal failure used model to target validation tool in various kidney diseases.
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